RMS Baltic Passenger List - 1 April 1922
Front Cover, Second Class Passenger List for the RMS Baltic of the White Star Line, Departing Saturday, 1 April 1922, from Liverpool to New York via Cobh (Queenstown), Commanded by Captain F. E. Beadnell. GGA Image ID # 13bb31cc85
Senior Officers and Staff
- Captain:F. E. BEADNELL (Commr. R N.R.)
- Chief Engineer. : W. GLEN, R.D.
(Senior Engineer, R. N.R. , Retd. ) - Surgeon: W. GRAEME Robertson
- Purser: H. B. Palmer.
M.D. (McGill), M. R.C.S. Eng.) L.R.C. P. (Lond. ) - Chief Steward: T. Smith
- Acting Assistant Purser. T. McLAUGHLIN
Second Class Passengers
- Abrahams, Mr. Max
- Alexander, Mrs. Laura
- Allen, Mr. E. H
- Allen, Mrs
- Allen, Miss
- Allen, Master
- Allison, Mr. A. A
- Allison, Miss M G, S
- Anderson, Mr. G
- Anderson, Miss F
- Archer, Miss S A
- Barnes, Mr. J
- Barrows, Rev. J
- Barrows, Mrs. and Infant
- Beattie, Mr. James
- Beattie, Mrs. H
- Bell, Mr. Samuel
- Bell, Miss Maria
- Best, Mrs. A
- Beswick, Mr. A
- Blue, Mr. I. F
- Blue, Mrs
- Blue, Miss Margaret
- Bode, Mr. Max G
- Brennan, Miss K
- Bresler, Miss P
- Bresler, Mrs. H
- Brown, Mrs. M
- Brown, Miss G
- Buckley, Rev. Bro. Joseph
- Campbell, Capt. J
- Campbell, Mrs
- Campbell, Mr. Wm. W
- Campbell, Miss W
- Canham, Mr. G. W
- Canham, Mrs. Nancy
- Carty, Miss Bridget C
- Combs, Mr. P. H
- Foote, Mr. Edward
- Foote, Miss Jessie E
- Foote, Miss G
- Combs, Mrs
- Foote, Miss Florrie
- Combs, Master E. L
- Connolly, Miss Maggie
- Connor, Mr. Frank
- Craven, Mr. M
- Foote, Miss Gladys
- Crowley, Miss Julia
- Cullen, Mr. John
- Foote, Miss Evelyn
- Gale, Mrs. P. E
- Gallacher, Miss C
- Dallas, Miss Jean N
- Gallaghor, Mr. L. J
- Daly, Mr. Charles
- Games, Mr. lathes
- Daly, Mrs. Mary A
- Garnes, Mrs. A
- Davies, Mr. J. L
- Garraghan, Miss M
- Davies, Mrs
- Garret, Mr. Jas. and Infant
- Garrett, Mrs. E
- Dearman, Mr. Isaac
- Garrity, Miss Margaret
- Desmond, Miss K
- Garside, Miss Mary E
- Dillon, Miss N
- Garvey, Mrs. Mary
- Dineen, Miss D
- Gascoyne, Mr. George
- Dixon, Mr. Horace G
- Gather, Mr. George Wm
- Doherty, Mrs. Elizabeth
- Gavan, Miss C
- Douglas, Mr. William G
- Ghelsinzon, Miss B
- Douglas, Mrs
- Gibbons, Mrs. A. S
- Duggan, Miss Gertrude
- Gildea, Miss J
- Duggan, Miss Martha
- Gill, Miss Muriel
- Duggan, Miss Mary
- Glasser, Mr. J
- Duggan, Miss Veronica
- Goloscova, Miss R
- Dunn, Miss Jessie E
- Good.lad, Mr. Robert
- Dunne, Mr. John
- Gregg, Mrs. M. W
- Dunseath, Mr. Robert and Infant
- Dworetzki, Miss P
- Gregg, Master A
- Dworetzki, Mr. J
- Grossman, Miss Minnie
- Dworetzki, Mr. G
- Guild, Mr. Alexander
- Dworetzki, Mrs
- Edwards, Mr. Samuel
- Edwards, Miss Kath
- Edwards, Mr. Thomas
- Evans, Mr. R. H
- Evans, Mrs
- Evans, Master R. H
- Evans, Master R. P
- Farnall, Mr. J. W
- Feirn, Mr. E
- Ferguson, Mr. John J
- Fitzmaurice, Miss M. E
- Fletcher, Mr. W. W
- Fletcher, Mrs
- Fletcher, Master J. K
- Hall, Mr. Charles William
- Hall, Mrs
- Hall, Master Chas. Hy
- Hall, Miss Lillian H
- Hall, Mr. John G
- Hamer, Miss Edna
- Hardison, Mr. J. B
- Hardman, Miss Louisa
- Harris, Mr. Charles
- Harris, Mrs
- Harris, Master R
- Harris, Miss R
- Haugh, Mrs. E
- Held, Mrs. E. A
- Herbert, Mr. John
- Herman, Mr. B
- Hickman, Mr. C. W
- Hickman, Mrs
- Higgs, Mr. G. George
- Higgs, Mrs. May A
- Higgs, Miss L
- Higgs, Miss M
- Hoare, Miss Elizabeth
- Hollinworth, Miss Louisa
- Hollows, Mrs. A. C. I
- Hopkins, Miss Annie
- Horan, Miss B
- Horsman, Miss W E
- Hudson, Miss Violet
- Hughes, Mr. M. K
- Hult, Mr. H. B
- Janes, Mr. D. O
- Janes, Mr. O. W
- Jones, Miss E
- Jones, Miss Mary A
- Jones, Mrs. J. F. S
- Jones, Master R. S
- Jones, Mr. F. A
- Jones, Mrs. V
- Jones, Miss J
- Jones, Miss N
- Jones, Mr. Thomas
- Jones, Mrs. M
- Kane, Rev. Bro. Thomas R
- Kantorowicz, Mrs. M
- Kestley, Mr. J. M
- Kershaw, Mrs. Maud M
- Kershaw, Miss Gladys M
- Kershaw, Miss Evelyn M
- Kewish, Mrs. Jane Q
- Lawrence, Mr. James
- Leach, Mr. James H
- Ledworth, Mrs. Nellie
- Lester, Mr. Fred. S
- Lewicka, Miss M
- Loughran, Mr. Patrick
- Loughran, Mrs
- Loughran, Miss Kathleen
- Lowry, Mr. G. G
- Lowry, Mrs
- Lowry, Master W
- Lowry, Master R
- Lynas, Mrs. Eleanor
- Mackay, Mr. Thomas B
- Mackie, Miss C
- Markey, Mrs. B
- McClane, Mr. Francis
- McClellan, Miss Annie
- McIntyre, Mr. Robert
- McLachlan, Mrs. C
- McLachlan, Miss M. L
- McLachlan, Miss M
- McMahon, Miss Delia
- McMeekin, Mr. John
- McNamara, Mrs. Anna
- McWhinney, Mr. Thomas
- Metzler, Mr. H
- Miszkin, Mrs. F
- Miszkin, Miss L
- Miszkin, Miss B
- Miszkin, Mr. S
- Miszkin, Master C
- Miszkin, Master J
- Miszkin, Master N
- Moffatt, Miss Margaret
- Montgomery, Mrs. M. and Infant
- Montgomery, Miss Maude
- Montgomery, Miss Maureen
- Moran, Miss Mary K
- Morfitt, Mr. Thomas
- Morfitt, Mrs. Elizabeth
- Moriya, Prof. Nobus
- Morris, Mr. George
- Murphy, Mrs. Alice
- Murphy, Miss E
- Murray, Mr. William
- Murray, Mrs. Jane
- Murray, Miss M
- Neble, Mr. A
- Neble, Mrs. K
- Neble, Miss G
- Nelson, Mrs. E. J
- Nelson, Miss M
- Newe, Rev. Bro. Alexander
- Newell, Mr. Wm
- Newell, Miss M
- Nolan, Mr. H. G. B
- Ogg, Mrs. K. M
- O'Connor, Miss M. M
- O'Neill, Mr. R. L
- Orton, Mr. Harry W
- O'Shea, Rev. Paul
- O'Shea, Mr. Michael
- Oxman, Miss R
- Oxman, Mrs. H
- Park, Mr. J. E
- Parker, Mr. F
- Patterson, Miss Mary
- Percival, Mr. A. G
- Perks, Mr. John Thomas
- Perks, Mrs
- Philpott, Miss M
- Philpott, Mr. R. W
- Pitkethly, Mrs. Mary
- Pitkethly, Mr. Alexander
- Playfair, Mr. A. C
- Pollock, Mr. Walter
- Pollow, Mr. W
- Powrie, Miss Lilias
- Pratt, Mr. R. S. B
- Pratt, Mrs
- Prosser, Mr. Oscar
- Reader, Mr. Herbert
- Reddan, Miss A
- Reilly, Miss Mary
- Roberts, Mrs. Hilda B
- Roberts, Master Kenneth M
- Rooney, Miss Mary
- Saltmer, Mr. George
- Scanlon, Mr. P. A
- Scott, Mr. Wm. T
- Sewell, Mr. Francis F
- Sewell, Mrs. May and Infant
- Shackley, Mr. James Hy
- Shackley, Mrs
- Shackley, Miss E. M
- Sheahan, Miss Mary
- Silver, Mr. David G
- Skakalska, Mrs. F
- Smith, Mr. H. W
- Sockell, Mrs. Sarah
- Stansfield, Mr. Arthur
- Steele, Mr. L. Clifton
- Steele, Mrs. and Infant
- Stewart, Mr. John
- Strickler, Mr. Wm. A
- Struyk, Mr. C
- Suchomel, Mr. K
- Suchomel, Mrs
- Sullivan, Miss J
- Swindlehurst, Mrs. M. A
- Szenker, Miss F
- Tait, Miss Margaret G
- Taylor, Mr. George F
- Taylor, Mrs. Annie M
- Teeboon, Mrs. Ann
- Thomas, Mr. Edward D
- Thompson, Mr. Harry
- Thompson, Mrs
- Thompson, Master Philip
- Thompson, Master Edgar A
- Tierney, Miss N
- Townson, Mr. John T
- Townson. Mrs. and Infant
- Tradelius, Mrs. Selina van de
- Sieka.mp, Mr. J. G
- Vaugh, Miss Lily A
- Vowles, Mr. Albert E
- Waldram, Mr. T
- Waldram, Mrs
- Walpole, Mr. J. W
- Watt, Rev. G. B
- Watt, Mrs
- Williamson, Mr. Joseph
- Williamson, Mrs. Helen
- Williamson, Miss Helen
- Williamson, Miss Devina
- Williamson, Master R. D
- Wilson, Mr. Charles
- Wilson, Mrs. Isabella
- Wilson, Mr. David
- Wood, Mr. Wm. Dean
- Wood, Mrs. Ellen
- Woolrich, Miss Isabella
- Woolrich, Miss Lillian
- Wynne, Miss Mary A
Information for Passengers
Public Telephones, With Booths and Operators, on our New York Piers.
White Star Line
RMS " HOMERIC," 34,692 Tons
A masterpiece of the Shipbuilders' art, a triumph of technical skill, the " HOMERIC" is one of the World's finest ships, and with her gross tonnage of 34,692, length of 775 feet, and breadth of 83 feet, is one of the largest also.
Sailing in CONJUNCTION with The
RMS " 0LMPIC," 46,439 Tons
and SHORTLY To Be JOINED By The New
RMS "Majestic," 56,000 Tons
(The Largest Steamer in the World)
MAINTAINING AN UNSURPASSED
Express Mail Service Between
Southampton, Cherbourg & New York.
Information for Second Class Passengers
Meals WILL Be SERVED AS FOLLOWS :-
| WHEN One Sitting | WHEN Two Sittings | |
|---|---|---|
| Breakfast | 8:00 am to 10.0 am | 7.30 am and 8:30 am |
| Luncheon | 12,30 pm | 12 0 noon and 1. 0 pm |
| Dinner | 6.30 pm | B. 0 pm and 7. 0 pm |
The Bar opens at 8:00 am, and closes at 10:30 pm
Lights are extinguished in the Saloon at 11:00 pm, Library and Smoking Room at 11:30 pm
Smoking is strictly prohibited in any of the Staterooms, Library or Dining Saloon.
'Seats at Table. Passengers who have not previously arranged tor seats at table to be reserved should apply for same to the Saloon Steward.
Medical Attendance. The Surgeon is Authorised To Make Customary Charges, Subject in Each Case To The Approval of The Commander, for Treating Passengers at Their Request for Any Illness Not Originating On The Voyage. in The Case of Sickness Developed On The Voyage NO Charge WILL Be MADE, and MEDICINE WILL Be PROVIDED Free in ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.
Letters, &c., for Passengers will be brought on board before the Passengers land.
Passengers should personally ascertain whether there is any mail for them before disembarking and they are invited to leave their addresses with the Saloon Steward for any later despatches to be re-directed. Postage Stamps can be obtained from the Saloon Steward, who will take charge of Cable Despatches and Telegrams for transmission
Charges PAID on Board. Passengers are requested to ask for a Receipt on the Company's Form for any additional Passage Money, Chair or Steamer Rug Hire, or Freight paid on Board.
Library. Books can be obtained on applying to the Library Steward.
Deck Chairs and Steamer Rugs can be hired on application at a charge of 7/6 each tor the voyage.
Valuables. The particular attention of Passengers is drawn to the ticket conditions regarding the carriage and custody of articles specified in Section 4281 of the revised Statutes of the United States, but Passengers can and are accordingly advised to protect themselves by insurance. The Line has provided a safe in the office of the Purser in which Passengers may deposit money, jewels, ornaments, documents or other valuables for safe keeping and a deposit receipt will be issued by the Purser.
Exchange of Money. The Purser is prepared, for the conveni. once of Passengers, to exchange a limited amount of English and American money, at rates which will be advised on application.
Baggage. Questions relating to Baggage should be referred to the Second Steward, who is the Ship's Baggage Master on hoard. Trunks, Chairs, etc., which Passengers may desire to leave in charge of the Company should be appropriately labeled and handed to the Baggage Master on the Wharf at New York, and such articles will be stored entirely at owner's risk. It is for Passengers themselves to see all their Baggage is passed by the U.S. Customs Authorities on landing.
Dogs. Passengers are notified that dogs cannot be landed in Great Britain unless a license has previously been procured from the Board of Agriculture, London. Forms of license must be obtained by direct application to the Department before the dog is taken on board at New York.
Travellers' Cheques, payable in all parts of Europe, can be purchased at all the principal offices of the White Star Line. These Cheques are accepted on board White Star steamers in payment of accounts but the Pursers do not carry funds to enable them to cash same.
Deck Games and Amusements. Deck Quoits, Shuffleboard, Bull Board and other games are provided on deck under the charge of a Quartermaster.
Chess, Draughts, Dominoes, etc., can be obtained on application to Saloon Steward.
Passengers' Quarters. Second Class Passengers are not allowed to enter First or Third Class compartments, or vice versa, as complications might arise under the Quarantine Regulations,
Barber. The Barber is authorized to make the following charges :— s. d.
- Shaving 09
- Hairdressing 10
- Shampooing 0 9
- Singeing 0 9
- Face MASSAGE 1 0
- Scalp MASSAGE 10
- Tonic Dressing 0 3
The Barber is allowed the privilege of selling various souvenirs and small articles on his own account.
Picture Postcards. Picture Postcards of the steamer can be obtained gratis on application on Board:
Postal Information.
High Seas Mail—On all British steamers British Postage Stamps and rates are used when mailing letters for European points, and such letters should be posted in the ship's letter box in the ordinary way.
The mail bag is closed a few hours previous to arrival. Full particulars can be obtained at the Enquiry Office upon application.
for Letters Mailed in The United States.
Rates on letters to points in the United States, Canada and British Colonies and to Great Britain and Ireland, two cents an ounce or fraction thereof.
The above rates apply to letters to England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales; the Bahamas, the Barbados, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Dominican Republic, the Dutch West Indies, the Leeward Islands, Newfoundland, Trinidad (including Tobago), New Zealand; and the Windward Islands (including Grenada, St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and St. Lucia).
Rates on letters to all other countries—five cents for the first ounce, and three cents for each additional ounce or fraction.
Rates on postal cards to all countries (except United States, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and Panama, one cent to each)—two cents each; on return or reply cards, four cents each.
Canadian Postal Rates.
Letters to points in Canada, United States and Mexico, three cents for the first ounce, two cents for each additional ounce (War Tax included); rates to points in Great Britain and all other places within the Empire, four cents for the first ounce, three cents for each additional ounce( War Tax included), rates to other countries, ten cents for the first ounce, five cents for each additional ounce.
Postal Cards to points in Canada, Great Britain and all other places within the Empire, United States and Mexico, two cents each (War Tax included); rates to other countries six cents each.
Canadian Newspapers to points in Canada, Great Britain and certain places within the Empire, United States and Mexico, one cent for four ounces.
Printed Matter to points in Canada, United States and Mexico, one cent for two ounces; rates to other countries two cents for two ounces.
Literature for the Blind to points in Canada, United States, Mexico and Newfoundland free; rates to all other countries one cent per lb.
Commercial Papers to all countries other than Canada, ten cents for the first ten ounces, two cents for every additional two ounces.
Samples to points in Canada, United States and Mexico, one cent per two ounces; rates to all other countries four cents for the first four ounces, two cents every additional two ounces.
Acknowledgment of Receipt of Registered Articles to points in Canada and all other countries, ten cents if requested at the time of posting the article, 20 cents if requested after posting the article.
Wireless Telegram Rates.
This Steamer is fitted with Marconi's system of VVireless Telegraphy and also with Submarine Signalling Apparatus.
Long Range Wireless Service.
This vessel is fitted with special long range wireless apparatus which will enable the ship to communicate with the shore throughout the voyage across the North Atlantic Ocean.
The wireless rate for messages directed through the wireless stations in the United Kingdom is 10d. per word land telegraph or cable charges additional, and for messages through the special wireless stations in North America the wireless rate is 113d. per ww.d, and telegraph or cable charges additional.
Ordinary Wireless Service.
When the ship is nearing the American and Canadian shores, messages can also-be forwarded through the ordinary wireless coast stations situated on the Atlantic seaboard at the following rates : --
for United States. The Wireless rate via New York, New London, Siasconset, Newport or Chatham, is calculated at 111d per word; every word in the address, text, and signature counted; landline charges additional; all fees must be prepaid.
The Wireless rate via Cape Race, Sable Island, Cape Sable, is calculated at 1/31 per word; every word in the address, text, and signature counted; landline charges additional; all fees must be prepaid.
for Canada. The Wireless rate via Cape Race, Sable Island, Cape Sable, is calculated at 1/31 per word; every word in the address, text, and signature counted : landline charges additional; all fees must be prepaid.
The Wireless rate via Montreal, Quebec, Grosse Isle, Father Point, Cape Bear, Pictou, is calculated at 3d. per word; every word in the address, text, and signature counted; landline charges additional; all fees must be prepaid.
The Wireless rate via Clarke City, Fame Point, Harrington, Heath Point, Canaperdovvn, Grindstone Island, North Sydney, St. John, Belle Isle, Cape Ray, Point Rich, Point Armour, is calculated at 61d. per word; every word in the address, text, and signature counted; landline charges additional; all fees must be prepaid.
for United Kingdom. The rate via Valentia, or other stations in the United Kingdom, is 10d. per word; every word in address, text, and signature counted; landline charges additional; all fees must be prepaid.
Ship To Ship. The General rate for messages exchanged between British Ships is 8d. per word, and for messages exchanged with foreign ships the 'general rate is 10d. per word, but as Dutch, Belgian and certain other vessels apply a ship tax with a minimum of ten words, the charges on these vessels will be calculated as follows :
- For less than 10 words ... ... 4/2 plus a charge of 5d per word
- For 10 words or More 10d, per word
Ocean Letters. The Marconi Company have inaugurated an "Ocean Letter" service, by which messages raw be sent from one ship to another going in an opposite direction, for delivery by Registered Post from the first port of can of the latter vessel. For an" Ocean Letter sent to a British Ship controlled by the Marconi Company. the rate is (inclusive of wireless, postage and registration) 7s. fid. for 30 words plus 2d. for each additional word up to a maximum of 100 words.
For an "Ocean Letter" sent to a foreign ship, the rate is 0/41 for the first 30 words, plus 21d. for each additionar*ord, up to a maximum of 100 words. This class of message must contain full Postal Address.
Time On Shipboard.
Each 24 hours is divided into seven ' Watches," as follows: -- Period. Name of Watch.
Midnight to 4 am Middle Watch. Morning Watch. Forenoon Watch. Afternoon Watch. First Dog Watch Second Dog Watch First Watch.
4 am to 8:00 am
8:00 am to Noon
Noon to 4:00 pm
4:00 pm to 6:00 pm
ft pm to 8:00 pm ...
8:00 pm to Midnight ...
On the voyage from Europe, owing to the alteration in time as the ship proceeds Westward, it is necessary to put the clock back every 24 hours. The alteration in time is made at about midnight, and the clock is usually put back from 35 to 45 minutes on each occasion, the exact amount of time depending upon the distance the ship is estimated to make by noon the next day. During the first 24 hours, however, owing to the change from Mean Time to Apparent Time, the alteration is likely to be considerably more than 45 minutes, especially while Summer Time is in use.
CORRECTIONS
Landing Arrangements at New York
Should The Steamer Arrive at The New York Wharf After 8:00 pm Passengers May LAND IF THEY WISH To DO SO and Have Their Baggage PASSED By The Customs AUTHORITIES IMMEDIATELY On Arrival, BUT THOSE WHO PREFER To REMAIN on Board May DO SO and Have The WHOLE of Their Baggage PASSED The Following Morning Not EARLIER THAN 7 O'CLOCK. Breakfast WILL Be SERVED To THOSE WHO REMAIN on Board Overnight.
UNIFORMED Representatives of The American Railroads, MEET ALL Steamers On Arrival at New York. RAILROAD Tickets May Be PURCHASED and Baggage Checked From The Steamship Pier To Any POINT ALONG The Lines of The Pennsylvania, New York CENTRAL, ERIE LEF-IICH VALLEY. and CONNECTING Railroads.
Upper Berths.
Passengers occupying Upper Berths can obtain steps for getting in or out of same on applying to the Steward or Stewardess.
The " Baltic " carries an Orchestra of skilled musicians, which will play at intervals in the Second Class.
Recovery of U.S. Head Tax.
This Tax can be recovered by Passengers, if same has been paid, provided they inform the U.S. Immigration Inspector on arrival at New York, of their intention to leave the United States within 60 days (the time prescribed by U.S. Law), and obtain from him Transit Certificate Form 514. Unless this regulation is complied with the Tax cannot be recovered.
IT is always interesting to travelers, their relations and friends, to know the outstanding features of the various Great Steamship Lines.
Here are some facts of interest regarding the White Star Line and White Star-Dominion Line.
Vessels under construction and completing are
Majestic "...(Completing)...56,000 'Tons.
The World's Largest Liner.
" DORIC " (Building) 16,500 Tons.
"Pittsburgh '' (Building) 16,500 Tons.
" RIMOUSKI" (Completing) 9,281 Tons
The RMS "Majestic," 56,000 tons (when completed), will sail in the Southampton--Cherbourg—New York Express Service, in conjunction with the World Famous RMS "Olympic," 46,439 tons, and the magnificent new RMS "HOMERIC," 34,692 tons.
The SS "Arabic," 16,786 tons, is the Largest Steamer regularly employed in the Mediterranean Trade.
The SS "CERAMIC," 18,494 tons, is the Largest Vessel in the Australian Trade.
The "Adriatic," 24,541 tons, "Baltic," 23,884 tons, " Cedric," 21,073 tons, and "Celtic," 21,026 tons, "I tIE BIG Four, are second to none as regards comfort and steadiness at sea. Their Promenade Decks are exceptionally spacious.
The new SS "REGINA" (Triple Screw), 16,500 tons, carrying Cabin and Third Class Passengers, has now taken her place in the Canadian Service, and sailed on her maiden voyage from Liverpool for Halifax, N.S., and Portland, Me., on March 16th, 1922.
The White Star Line has now building and completing 98,195 tons of new vessels.
The present tonnage of the steamers of the Line is 430,117, which, with the new tonnage building and completing, gives a grand total of 528,312 tons. OVER HALF A MILLION Tons.
Associated Companies
Associated with the White Star Line and White Star-Dominion Line are :—
The Red Star Line.
Antwerp- Cherbourg—Halifax—New York.
Caning at Southampton (Westbound) and Plymouth (Eastbound).
The American Line.
Hamburg—New York (DIRECT).
The Atlantic Transport Line.
London—New York.
The Leyland Line.
Liverpool To Boston and New Orleans,
West Indies, Mexico and CENTRAL America,
