SS George Washington Passenger List - 8 September 1931
Front Cover of a Cabin Class Passenger List from the SS George Washington of the United States Lines, Departing 8 September 1931 from Hamburg to New York via Southampton and Cherbourg, Commanded by Captain Geo. Fried, U.S.N.R. GGA Image ID # 1652b5c4b4
Senior Officers and Staff
- Commander: Captain Geo. Fried, U.S.N.R.
- Chief Officer: E. A. Richmond
- Chief Engineer: John B. Morris
- Purser: A. Koppenjan
- Chief Surgeon: Dr. E. J. Linnehan
- Chief Steward: Charles H. Heidorn
Cabin Class Passengers
- Mr. Emil Albrecht
- Mrs. Albrecht
- Dr Benjamin C. Adelman
- Mrs. Adelman
- Dr. A W. Adson
- Mrs. Adson
- Prof. Arthur S. Aiton
- Mrs. Aiton
- Mr. George Alpers
- Mrs. Alpers
- Miss R. Armer
- A Mrs. Emma E. Bachellerie
- Mr. Ames H. Bagley
- Mrs. Anna M. Barnbrock
- Mrs. Jessie C. Battle
- Mrs. Maggie Bayer
- Mrs. Amy C. Beggs
- Mrs. Fannie Beckman
- Mr. Charles H. Beeson
- Mrs Beeson
- Mr. James W. Beller
- Mrs. Beller
- Mr. F. P. Bellsola
- Mrs. Bellsola
- Mrs. Margaret W. Beye
- Mrs. Emma K. Biddle
- Mr. Henry Binns
- Mrs Binns
- Major John K. Boles
- Mrs. Julia D. Bosher
- Mrs. Bertha Blaine
- Mrs. Adelia F. Blakey
- Mrs. Catherine K. Blake
- Miss Blanche B. Boyer
- Mrs. Stella A. Brasch
- Mrs. Minnie Brandt
- Mr. C. Ames Brooks
- Mrs. Anliss E. H. Brown
- Miss Eva Brummer
- Mrs. Mary C. Bryan
- Mrs. A. M. Burkhart
- Mr. Sheldon H. Butler
- Mrs. Butler
- Rev. Mother M. V. Caddy
- Mr. W. D. Callister
- Miss Beulah J. Carpenter
- Mr. John D. Carothers
- Mrs. Carothers
- Dr. Michael L. M. Chamezski
- Mrs. L. C. Chandler
- Mrs. Mary E. T. Chopin
- Mr. Charles A. Clark
- Mrs. Clark
- Mrs. Harriet E. Clouse
- Mrs. Nellie K. Cobb
- Mr. William L. Codd
- Miss Elora Cohen
- Miss Alzada Comstock
- Miss Ever Louise Conner
- Miss Florence E. Converse
- Mr. Gordon Cooper
- Mr. William W. Cooper
- Mr. Chris Cordes
- Mrs. Cordes
- Mrs. L. V . Coulter
- Miss Margaret Cowie
- Mrs. Lillie Crady
- Mrs. Vergeania Crammer
- Mrs. Maria B. Croker
- Mrs. Cecilia Crowley
- Miss Phoebe E. Davis
- Miss Marjorie Davis
- Mrs. E. Nora Davison
- Miss Emmeline K. Davison
- Mr. Owen J. Devlin
- Mrs. Rose P. Devoe
- Mrs. C. C. Devore
- Miss Mary G. Devore
- Master John C. Devore
- Master John C. Devore
- Mrs. Jennie L. Dolbeer
- Mr. William J. Donohue
- Miss G. Doris
- Mrs. John R. Dorsey
- Mrs. Mary E. Dresbaek
- Mrs. Mary J. Duke
- Mrs. Louise D. Dugan
- Miss Doris Jane Dugan
- Mr. William Dugan
- Master David Dugan
- Miss Hazel Dygerl
- Mrs. Jennie Eales
- Prof. William Eddy
- Mrs. Cora B. Eddy
- Mrs. Clara S. Elder
- Mr. Augustine Elmendorf
- Mrs. Elmendorf
- Mr. George Ely
- Mrs. Belle Ely
- Mr. Arthur M. Ellis
- Mrs. Ellis
- Miss Mildred W. Ellis
- Mr. Herbert B. Ellis
- Mr. Arthur Emptage
- Mr. Jack K. Emmet
- Mr. Edward Erker
- Mr. Arthur O. Ernst
- Mrs. Ernst
- Mr. Robert Ernst
- Mr. James Ernst
- Dr. A. Faessler
- Miss Mary E. Fanton
- Mrs. Mary H. Fay
- Mr. G. A. Ferguson
- Prof. E.. M. Finesilver
- Mrs. Finesilver
- Miss Sara K. Fisher
- Dr. J. K. A. Fischer
- Mrs. Flora O. Fox
- Mrs. Franks
- Miss Yvonne Franks
- Lieut. James G. Fry
- Mrs. Fry
- Master James C. Fry
- Mr. Bruce Gallan
- Mrs. Gallan
- Mr. L. M. N. Garcia
- Mrs. Ella N. George
- Hon. Georges de Ghika
- Mrs. Anna E. K. Graef
- Miss Rachel Granville
- Major B. McKay Greeley
- Mrs. Greeley
- Miss Anita M. Greeley
- Mr. Louis Grell
- Mr. W. Devereux Green
- Mrs. Devereux Green
- Miss M. Green
- Lieut. James L. Grier
- Mrs. David S. Grinsfelder
- Mrs. Mary K. Gunderman
- Mrs. Martha M. Hall
- Miss Kate M. Hall
- Mrs. Edith M. Hardyman
- Mrs. Agnes G. Haskell
- Miss Mary Hayden
- Mrs. J. R. Hayden
- Miss Elizabeth Hayden
- Master Rolston Hayden
- Mr. John G. Hayes
- Mrs. Hayes
- Mr. R. E. Head
- Mr. Cecil L. Head
- Dr Herman Herzfeld
- Mrs. Herzfeld
- Miss Marie J. Hessmer
- Mrs. Lillian Heywood
- Miss Dorothy L. Higgins
- Mr. Joseph Hirsch
- Mrs. Hirsch
- Miss K. M. Hitchcock
- Miss Jean Hoagland
- Miss M. Regula Hoffendahl
- Capt. H. F. T. Hoffman
- Mrs. Hoffman
- Mrs. Ada Smith Holmes
- Mr. B. Honig
- Mrs. Honig
- Mrs. Nellie Hooper
- Mrs. Emma A. Hotchkiss
- Mrs. W. V. Howard
- Miss S. Howard
- Miss P. Howard
- Mr. Steven D. Howells
- Mrs. Nellie Hullette
- Mrs. Nannie H. Hutchins
- Mrs. Foanna G. Hynson
- Mrs K. B. Ingersoll
- Mrs. S. M. Jacobson
- Mr. Barney Jaffin
- Mrs. Jaffin
- Mr. W. W. Jaques
- Mrs. Jaques
- Mr. Willard K. Jaques
- Miss Mabel A. Jaques
- Congressman Larmar Jeffers
- Mrs. Constance Jensen
- Mr. Conrad A. Johnson
- Mrs. Mollie Jones
- Mrs. Loretta Jones
- Mrs. K. A. Josephe
- Mrs. Therese Keihn
- Mrs. Anna Keler
- Mrs. J. T. Kelley
- Miss Louise Kelley
- Miss Edna Kelley
- Mrs. Gustave Kellner
- Miss Ethel S. Kellner
- Miss Constance I. Kellner
- Mrs. Mary J. G. Kendall
- Miss Dorothy Kendall
- Miss E. H. Knox
- Mr. Andrew Kobal
- Mrs. Lydia E. Kohn
- Mrs. Frank J. Kortis
- Mrs. Minnie Kosman
- Mrs. Kathleen Konstovich
- Mr. Kenneth H. Kraft
- Mrs. Kraft
- Mrs. Freda Kraus
- Miss Lottie Kraus
- Mrs. Margaret Krueger
- Rev. Father Matthew Kuebel
- Mr. I. J. Kuhn
- Mrs. Rarbara Kurner
- Mrs. Martha Kurz-Bauer
- Mrs. Harriot Ladner
- Mrs. Clara A. Landgren
- Miss Grace A. Larsen
- Miss Dorothy Lawton
- Mrs. W. K. Laveille
- Mrs. Florence Lawrence
- Mr. Richard R. Leemann
- Mrs. L. J. Lefller
- Mrs. Mary I. Legris
- Dr. Isaac I. Lemann
- Mrs. Lemann
- Miss Helen Levine
- Miss Therese Levy
- Mr. Morris Lewin
- Mrs. Lewin
- Master Leonard C. Lewin
- Mrs. Olise M. Liisberg
- Mrs. Alina M. Linguist
- Mrs. Lucille Liveright
- Miss Lucy Liveright
- Mrs. Margaret Long
- Mrs. Amanda C. Lull
- Mr. Hastings Lyon
- Mrs. Mary MacIntyre
- Mrs. Elizabeth McManus
- Mrs. Kate T. MacRae
- Hon. Frank Mann
- Mrs. Mann
- Mr. Frederick P. Marble
- Mrs. Marble
- Miss Elizabeth W. Mamvaring
- Capt. Ward H. Maris
- Mrs. Jennie Martin
- Mrs. Florence Martineau
- Mrs. Lilly Mathers
- Mrs. Janet G. McBride
- Mrs. Margaret A. Mcllwain
- Mr. George I. McEldowney
- Mrs. McEldowney
- Mr. William McKaig
- Mrs. McKaig
- Prof. A Philip McMaher
- Mrs. Laura G. McNeil
- Mr. Meacham
- Mrs. Meacham
- Mrs. Helen M. Merriam
- Mr. Herman Meyer-Lindenbe
- Mrs. Hattie Miller
- Mrs. Anna T. Miller
- Mrs. Eliza Mocker
- Mrs. Mandy Mollencop
- Mr. James A. Moore
- Mrs. Lillian G. Moores
- Miss Nester H. Morrill
- Mrs. Johanne Muench
- Mrs. Margaret M. Muffley
- Mrs. E. H. Nall
- Miss Margaret Nall
- Mrs. Elizabeth Nevins
- Mrs. John Obenvager
- Mr. Edward K. Obenvager
- Mr. J. O'Connor
- Mrs. Minnie T. O'Connor
- Capt. Remmington Orsinger
- Mrs. Orsinger
- Mr. Thomas H. Osgood
- Mrs. Maggie R. Overton
- Mr. Axel H. Oxholm
- Mrs. Oxholm
- Master Axel H. Oxholm
- Mrs. Vera Parsons
- Mr. Ernest M. Patterson
- Mrs. Patterson
- Miss Grace Patterson
- Mr. Charles Pavilt
- Mrs. Pavilt
- Mr. Paul H. Pearson
- Mr. James H. Pelham
- Miss Annelise Pelzold
- Mrs. Clara A. Peverill
- Mr. George H. Picard
- Mr. Luis Eurigne Pombo
- Mrs. Pombo
- Miss Beatrice Pombo
- Master Fernando Pombo
- Master Henriquez Pombo
- General Francis H. Pope
- Mrs. Pope
- Mrs. Irene F. Porter
- Mrs. Emma J. Potter
- Miss Anna A. Prentis
- Dr. George M. Price
- Mrs. Price
- Mrs. Clara J. Price
- Dr. Raoul C. Provost
- Mrs. Provost
- Miss Bertha H. Putram
- Mrs. Carolina Ouesenberry
- Mrs. Gladys Quesenberry
- Mrs. Gladys A. Ranney
- Mr. Robert G. Rayburn
- Miss Glenn Raymond
- Dr. Cornelius H. van Ravenswaay
- Mr. Charles van Ravenswaay
- Mrs. Eleanor E. Reinoehl
- Mr. Donald Renshaw
- Mrs. Nettie P. Renshaw
- Mr. Sterling J. Richards
- Mrs. Lula G. Rigdon
- Mr. Lawrence Rising
- Mrs. Rising
- Miss A S. Rising
- Mrs. H. Hollister Robinson
- Miss Edith Robinson
- Mr. Charles S. Robinson
- Dr. Frederick W. Roman
- Col. Thomas Rothwell
- Mrs. Marjorie P. Ruedeman
- Mr. Donald Ruhe
- Mrs. Anna L. Rumpf
- Master Edgar J. Rumpf
- Miss Madely Rutherford
- Mrs. Fris Ryan
- Mr. Emil Schmid
- Mr. Joseph Schmid
- Mrs. Aline M. R. Sederguist
- Mr. Robert F. Seiffert
- Mrs. Seiffert
- Mrs. Zella M. Scott
- Mrs. Alice V. Sheehan
- Mr. Renshaw S. Sherer
- Mr. Renshaw D. Sherer
- Mr. Samuel J. Sherer
- Mrs. Sherer
- Mr. H. T. Silvius
- Mrs. Silvius
- Mrs. Martha Singleton
- Mrs. Ethel Sirody
- Mrs. William H. Sisson
- Mrs. Gertrude Skinner
- Miss Grace Slater
- Mrs. Arra M. Small
- Mrs. Jessie Lee Smith
- Mr. Donald Smith
- Miss Anna Lee Smyth
- Mr. R. K. Spofford
- Mr. H. Spofford
- Mrs. Winnifred K. Spofford
- Mr. Amasa D. Sproat
- Mr. W. A. Steiger
- Mrs. Steiger
- Miss Bertha M. Stearns
- Mrs. Lucy C. Steinberger
- Miss Aileen B. Stern
- Dr. Theodore Stone
- Mrs. Stone
- Mrs. Matilda Stewart
- Mr. Richard C. Stratford
- Mrs. Stream
- Mr. Grant A. Strebel
- Mrs. Cornelia Stubblefield
- Dr. Glenn L. Swiggett
- Mrs. Swiggett
- Miss Mary K. Terrall
- Miss Elsie W. Terrall
- Miss H. Thomas
- Col John R. Thomas
- Mrs. Thomas
- Mrs. Vera V. Thompson
- Major Lionel Thorsness
- Mrs. Lillie T. Tibbitts
- Mrs. J. F. Townsend
- Mrs. John K. D. Trask
- Miss Francis D. Trask
- Prof. Charles L. W. Trinks
- Mrs. Trinks
- Capt. Charles Ubel
- His Excellency Tobias Uribea
- Miss Mary Uribea
- Miss Olga Uribea
- Mrs. Frances T. Valle
- Miss Joyce Valle
- Dr. G. W. VinaI
- Mrs. Vinal
- Master Francis Vinal
- Miss E. A. Vinton
- Mrs. Nora Wainright
- Mrs. Julia S. Wallers
- Mrs. Amelia Wardrop
- Mrs. Margarel Washburn
- Miss Mary S. Wagner
- Mrs. Myrtle Webb
- Miss Florence Weber
- Mrs. Jessie B. West
- Rev. Edward C. Wheatcroft
- Mrs. Wheatcroft
- Miss Wheatcroft
- Major Edward L. White
- Miss D. Whitford
- Mr. B. W. Whitlock
- Mr. H. N. Whitman
- Mrs. Whitman
- Mr. Harold B. Whitmore
- Mrs. Whitmore
- Mr. Chester K. Whittier
- Mrs. Whittier
- M. W. A. Wilcox
- Mrs Wilcox
- Mrs. Angie Williams
- Miss Elizabeth Williams
- Mrs. Minnie M. Wilkinson
- Mrs. Lilian A. Winkle
- Mr. John Witzel
- Mr. Arthur M. Wolkiser
- Mrs. Mary E. Wood
- Mrs. Susan O. Woodcock
- Mr. Council Brooke Woolen
- Mrs. Gladys B. Woolen
- Mrs. Maurice Wyman
- Mrs. Sanborn Young
- Mrs. Mary B. Ziegler
- Mrs. Minnie C. Zanetti
Additional Passengers
- Mrs. Stella A. Brasch
- Dr. Michael J. M. Chamezski
- Miss Phoebe E. Davis
- Miss G. Doris
- Mr. Morris Lewin
- Mr. James A. Moore
Not on Board
- Miss June Davis
- Mrs. E. G. H. Hickey
- Mr. Daniel Fraser
- Mr. Wilhelm Fricke
- Mr. O. L. Johnson
- Miss Charlotte Meacham
- Miss Mary Mossman
- Mr. D. Tomasic
- Master James Tuck
- Mr. Ralph A. Wells
- Miss Ida Zbinden
Errata
- Dr. Benjamin C. Adelman should read Dr. Benjamin B. Adelman
- Major B. McKay Greeley should read Lieut. B. McKay Greeley
- Capt. H. F. T. Hoffman should read Lieut. H. F. T. Hoffman
Récapitulation:
- Cabin: 442
- Tourist: 256
- Third Class: 120
- Seapost Officials: 2
- Commander, Officers and Crew: 573
- Total Souls on Board: 1393
Information for Passengers
(Subject to Change)
High Seas Mail.—United States Postage Rates and Stamps are used when mailing letters, and such letters should be posted in the ship's letter box in the ordinary way.
The mail bag is closed a few hours previous to arrival.
Rates on letters to all countries except United States, Canada, British Colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, five cents for the first ounce, and three cents for each additional ounce or fraction.
Ship to Ship.—Radiograms are also accepted for passengers on other ships, for which the charge is 16 cents per word.
Seats at Tables.—Applications may be made to the Second Steward in advance, or on day of sailing on board the Steamer.
Smoking.—Passengers are requested not to smoke in the Main Dining Saloon or Social Hall.
Orchestra.—This vessel carries an orchestra which will play daily at the under-mentioned times and places :
- 1 p.m. to 2 p.m., Dining Room.
- 4 p.m. to 5 p.m., Social Hall.
- 7 p.m. to 8 p.m., Dining Room.
- 9 p.m. to Midnight, Social Hall.
Dancing.—Dancing in the Ball Room commences every evening at 9 o'clock.
Deck Games and Amusements.— Deck Quoits, Shuffleboard, Bull Board and other games are provided on deck. Baseball, Golf, Volley Ball, Deck Tennis, Shuffleboard, Quoits, and all the familiar ocean games are also available. Deck Stewards will furnish them.
Chess, Draughts, Dominoes, etc., can be obtained on application to the Social Hall or Library Stewards.
Books.—Books are obtainable from the Library upon application to the Steward in charge.
Divine Services.—On Sundays at hours to be announced on shipboard.
Barber, Hairdresser, and Manicurist.—The Barber's hours are from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m.
A Clothes Cleaning and Pressing Room is in charge of an expert attendant. A printed tariff of charges may be obtained at the Purser's Office.
Boots and Shoes will be cleaned if left outside stateroom door.
Notice. -Passengers are warned that professional gamblers are reported as frequently crossing on Atlantic steamers.
Life-Belts.—Passengers are earnestly requested to familiarize themselves with the use of life-belts and the location of lifeboats for the customary drill held on each voyage of this vessel. Full instructions are given on a printed card posted in your Stateroom.
Photographic Dark Room. A dark room fitted with all the necessary equipment has been installed for the use of passengers who wish to have photographs developed during the voyage.
Travelers' Checks.—The United States Lines has placed on board its vessels American Express checks which may be secured from the Purser on application.
Medical Attention. -The Surgeon will be in his office for the treatment of passengers requiring his attention from 9.30 to 10.30 a.in., from 4 to 5 p.m., and 8.30 to 9.30 p.m. His services are available at any hour in cases of urgency. In cases of illness originating on board or after the departure of the steamer no charge will be made for these services, and such medicines as are prescribed by the ship's Surgeon will be furnished without extra expense to the passenger.
In cases of illness not originating on board, the Surgeon is permitted to make a nominal charge, subject to the approval of the commanding officer.
Berthing of Passengers.—No changes can be made except officially by the Purser.
Deck Chairs and Rugs may be hired for the voyage on application to the Deck Steward, rental $1.50 each.
Reservations.—Passengers de dring to secure reservations for return to United States can do so by consulting the Purser.
Exchange of Money. The Purser is prepared, for the convenience of passengers, to exchange a limited amount of money at rates which will be furnished on application. A receipt will be issued covering each exchange transaction.
Baggage. —All inquiries regarding Baggage on board ship should be made at the Baggage Master's Office.
On disembarking, passengers are specially requested to claim their baggage before leaving the Customs Baggage Room, otherwise considerable delay and extra charge for carriage may be incurred in forwarding to destination any baggage not accompanying passengers.
The United States Lines accepts no responsibility or liability for baggage or parcels left on board—except by arrangement with Baggage Master.
It is recommended that passengers insure their baggage, as the Lines' liability is strictly limited in accordance with contract ticket. Baggage insurance can be arranged at any of the Lines' offices.
" Passengers desiring to reforward to storage or to deliver to another party, pieces of baggage, and packages of various kinds, are requested to deliver same to the Ship's Baggage Master, who is the only one designated on the ship competent to receive them and forward them, so as to avoid complication with the Customs regulations of the various countries.
The Company accepts no responsibility for any articles handed over by passengers to any member of the Ship's Personnel, other than above."
Baggage Room. -All baggage not placed in cabins is stowed in the Baggage Room, where access can be had to it during the voyage if required.
Valuables.—The United States Lines are not responsible for theft of valuables or money kept in Staterooms. The same should be placed in charge of the Purser for deposit in his safe, and a receipt will be given on the Company's form.
Payments. -Passengers should obtain a receipt from the Purser, on the Company's form, for any additional passage money, excess baggage or freight charges, etc., paid on board.
Dogs are carried at the Owner's risk. The Company's charge is $20.00 each, regardless of size. Arrangements for carrying dogs should be made by communicating with the UNITED STATES LINES, or if this has not been done, the Purser should be notified.
Passengers are notified that cats and dogs cannot be landed in Great Britain without considerable delay unless a license has previously been procured from the Board of Agriculture, London. Forms of license must be obtained by direct application to this Department in London before the dog is taken on board.
Freight. All of the steamers operated by the United States Lines and American Merchant Lines are combination freight and passenger ships. They are modern in every respect and some are equipped lor carriage of considerable cargo under refrigeration.
For rates and space apply to United States Lines, Freight Traffic Department, 45 Broadway, New York.
Suggestions and Complaints.—Suggestions, complaints or criticisms of service or of personnel should be addressed to the President, United States Lines Operations, Inc., 45 Broadway, New York City.
Reduced Cabin, Round Trip Rates are effective for steamship travel during the following periods :
- Eastbound : August 16 to May 15.
- Westbound : October 16 to July 15.
There will be a reduction of 12 per cent, front the combined one-way fares, that is, the regular Eastbound (outward) rate combined with the regular Westbound (prepaid) rate.
Should passengers sail one way during the above periods and one way in the " high " season, the reduction will apply for the " off " season sailing.
Both eastbound and westbound tickets must be taken out at the same time.
This arrangement gives passengers an opportunity to combine European tours. It also meets the desires of passengers who, while wishing to benefit by the special round trip rates, wish to travel one way via the St. Lawrence route and one way via New York.
Latitude and Longitude. -Latitude means "distance north or south of the equator," and longitude means distance from the Meridian at Greenwich—near London. Both are recorded in degrees, minutes and seconds. At the Equator, a minute of longitude is equal to a nautical mile, but as the meridians converge after leaving the equator, meeting at the Poles, the size of a degree becomes less. Sailing eastward a ship moves against the revolution of the earth, thus her course makes her gain time; while if she were sailing to the westward, with the movement of the earth, she would lengthen her time.
Changing the Clock.—Between New York and London there is a difference in time of five hours, and as the sun rises in the East, as we say, when the ship is going eastward she meets sunlight earlier each day and thus gains time. Exactly how much is computed each day at noon, and the ship's clocks are immediately set at the correct time for that longitude. On a vessel which makes the crossing in five days the clocks will be set ahead each day approximately an hour ; on slower ships, of course, less. Going westward the clock is set back daily in similar fashion.
The Barometer.—Next to the mariner's compass and chart the barometer is the most important aid to navigation ever invented. Many persons know that a barometer is an instrument for recording changes in the weather, and the student of physics is taught that this is done by measuring the weight or pressure of the atmosphere. A rising barometer denotes the approach of good weather, a falling barometer, the reverse. A sudden fall warns the mariner to be on the look-out for a severe storm. The barometer was invented during the seventeenth century by Torricelli. The ship's barometer, which is kept in the chart room, is very different from the original device. It traces a barometer chart, recording the atmospheric pressure throughout the voyage.
Ocean Lanes and Distances.—Transatlantic steamships follow certain lanes or tracks, unless prevented from so doing by stress of weather, or work of rescue or relief or other unforeseen circumstances. From August 24 to January 14 a vessel going eastward follows the short track, and from January 15 to August 23 the long. Going west the short track is followed from August 15 to January 14, and the long from January 15 to August 14. Following these lanes makes for safety and enables vessels better to meet the exigencies of weather conditions.
Measuring by Sound.—It is possible to determine by sound how far distant a passing ship is if she blows her whistle or in case of a warship if she fires a gun. If the steam from a vessel's whistle is seen and ten seconds elapse before the sound is heard, she is just 2 1/10 miles off. If one second elapses, she is distant slightly more than 1/5 of a mile ; if five seconds, a little more than 1 mile ; if twenty seconds, 4 1/5 miles.
Port and Starboard. —Formerly the two sides of a ship were called " Starboard " and "Larboard," the two prefixes being derived from old Anglo-Saxon words meaning, respectively, " loading " and " rudder," and the word " board " meaning side. The term "Larboard" has given place to the word " Port." To "port the helm" carries a vessel to starboard, and to " starboard the helm " carries her to port. The French equivalent for port is " Babord," and starboard is " Tribord."
The Tides.—The surface of the ocean rises and falls twice in a lunar day of about 24 hours and 52 minutes. The tides do not always rise to the same height, but every fortnight after the new and full moon they become much higher than they were in the alternate weeks. These high tides are called Spring Tides, and the low ones Neap Tides. The close relation which the times of high water bear to the times of the moon's meridian passage shows that the moon's influence in raising the tides is two and one-half times greater than that of the sun.
The Gulf Stream.—By far the most important as well as best known of the great ocean currents derives its name from the Gulf of Mexico, out of which it flows between Cuba and the Bahamas on the one side and the Florida Keys on the other. In its narrowest portion the Gulf Stream is about fifty miles wide, and there it has a velocity at times of as much as five miles an hour. Flowing in a north-easterly direction along the American coast, its current gradually widens and its velocity diminishes.
Reaching the banks of Newfoundland it turns and sweeps across the Atlantic. Then, dividing into two portions, it sends one arm down toward the Azores and the coast of Morocco, while the other passes near the shores of the British Isles and on to Norway.
As it emerges from the Gulf of Mexico it has a temperature of 84 degrees in summer, higher than that of the ocean at the equator. Even by the time it has reached mid-Atlantic it has fallen no more than 14 degrees. Its effect upon the climate of Great Britain and the north-west coast of Europe, 4,000 miles away from the Gulf, is to raise the winter temperature about 30 degrees above what would be the normal temperature of those latitudes.
Front and Back Cover, United States Lines SS George Washington Cabin Class Passenger List - 8 September 1931. GGA Image ID # 1652dccb33
