Major General George O. Squier
Content Section
The "Hello Girls" in the Great War
WW1 US Army Signal Corps
GG Archives
Telephone Operators in World War I
Books & Recommended Reading
Introduction & Context
- Birth of the AEF Signal Corps Girls - 1918
- Telephone Operators Creation Within Signal Corps - 1917
- General Squier in Charge of Aviation and Signal Corps - 1918
- Hello Girls of World War I
- How the Signal Corps Organized 100 Girls - 1918
- Information Relative to Telephone Operators for Duty in France - 1918
- Women's Telephone Unit in France - 1918
- Woman Telephone Operators in France - 1920
- Young Women of America, Attention! - 1918
- Young Women Train for Telephone Service in France - 1918
- Telephone Operators Join Our Army - 1918
Signal Corps Telephone Operator Units (WWI)
- First Unit of Telephone Operators Ready for France - 1918
- Second Unit of Telephone Operators Ready for France - 1918
- Third Unit of Telephone Operators Arrive in France - 1918
- Fourth Unit of Telephone Operators Arrive In France - 1918
- Fifth Unit of Telephone Operators Arrive in France - 1918
- Sixth Unit of American Telephone Operators Has Arrived in France - 1918
- Seventh Unit of Telephone Operators Demobilizes - 1919
- First American Telephone Girls in France - 1918
- First Washington Girl Arrives in French Territory - 1918
- Long Distance Operators Off for France - 1918
- More Operators for France - 1918
- The Signal Corps in Germany’s Oldest City - 1919
- Six American Telephone Operators Near the Front - 1918
- U. S. Signal Corps Unit at Headquarters - 1918
Daily Work & Operations
- American Telephone Operators Aid Victory - 1918
- Brave Girl Soldiers of the Switchboard - 1918
- Company of Switchboard Soldiers See Service in France - 1918
- For the Wire Men and Girls in France - 1918
- "Hello-Girls" Are Going "Over There" To Help Link Up the Army's Nerve-Fibers - 1918
- How the Signal Corps Girls Stayed on the Job - 1919
- How the Telephone Girls Performed in France - 1919
- Life of Our Telephone Operators in France - 1919
- Signal Corps Girls Brave Dangers - 1919
- Signal Corps Girls Have Jolly Times - 1918
- Number Please, AEF - Telephone Operators in France - 1921
- Signal Corps Telephone Operator Girls Did It - 1918
- Telephone Girls “At Home” in France - 1918
- Telephone Girls in the Heart of a Military Camp - 1918
- The Telephone Girls of Meuse-Argonne - 1921
- The Telephone Girls of St. Mihiel - 1921
- The Telephone Girls of the Peace Conference - 1921
- Telephone Girls to "Hold the Lines" in France - 1918
- A Telephone Operator's Experiences with the Signal Corps - 1918
Personal Stories & Voices
- Adele Hoppock and En Route to France - 1918
- The Adventures of Miss Elizabeth Horsman and Miss Helen Carey - 1918
- The Christmas Party at Camp Upton - 1919
- Miss Helen Carey, Telephone Operator Off for France - 1918
- I Was a "Hello Girl" - 1977
- Impressions of the A. E. F. by Signal Corps Operator O'Rourke - 1919
- A Letter from a Fifth Unit Telephone Operator - 1918
- Letter from Adele Hoppock Mills to Senator Vandenburg - 1935
- Letter from "Hello Girl" Miss Adele Hoppock - 1918
- Letter from Major Coles to Washington State Bonus Board - 1921
- Letter Home from Signal Corps Telephone Operator in France - 1918
- Military Funeral of Telephone Operator Cora Bartlett - 1919
- Miss Banker Wins the D. S. M. For Bravery - 1919
- The Experience of Isabelle Villiers, Yeoman (f) Turned Hello Girl Supervisor - 2015
- Tribute to US Army Signal Corps Chief Telephone Operator Inez Crittenden 1887-1918
- With an American Telephone Girl in France - 1919
- Exhibit C - Gertrude Hoppock - Memo from Capt. E. J. Wesson, US Army - 1918
- Exhibit D - Hoppock - Memo from Capt. E. J. Wesson, US Army - 1918
- Exhibit E—Telegram - Miss Adele Louis Hoppock from Squire - 1918
- Exhibit F—Telegram to Adele Louise Hoppock from Squier - 1918
Press, Public Perception & Cultural Impact
- Good Bye U of W, Hello France
- Berlin Girl to Go as Phone Operator - 1918
- Baker Congratulates Telephone Operators - 1918
- Hello—Over There! - Our Telephone Girls Take On Paris - 1918
- War Hello Girls Talking - We Win! -1918
- American Telephone Girls Well Cared for in France - 1918
- What New England Hello Girls Are Doing "Over There" - 1918
- Three More Michigan Girls For "Over There" - 1918
- Bay Area Girls at Front During Great Drives - 1918
- YWCA Dances Relieve Stress For Signal Corps Girls - 1918
- Chicago Telephone Girls Heroines "Over There" - 1918
- Phone Girls Living High - 1918
- The Signal Corps Girls "Made Good" - 1919
- Tribute to American Telephone Operators in France - 1919
- American "Hello Girls" in France Enjoy High Life - 1919
- Blue Triangle Follows the Switchboard - 1919
- Peace Secrets Elude Miss Maria Flood - 1919
- Four of The Michigan Telephone Company's "Returned Soldiers" - 1919
- "Hello" Heroines - Telephone Operators of the Great War Era - 1920
Recognition, Legal Status & Legacy
- Black Jack's Girls - 1982
- Brief History of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators - 1996
- Congressman Cleaver Introduces Bill to Award Congressional Gold Medal to the 'Hello Girls' of WWI
- HR 1953-Hello Girls Congressional Gold Medal Act of 2019
- Recognition of the "Hello Girls" for VA Benefits - 1977
- Section 401(a) of Title IV of the G.I. Bill Improvement Act of 1977
- Senate passes Hello Girls Congressional Gold Medal Act - 2024
- Switchboard Soldiers of the Great War
Documents & Reference Materials
- 223 Women of the Signal Corps Telephone Operators that Served Overseas
- 85 German-Speaking Telephone Operators Required For Completing Work by A.E.F.
- AEF Telephone Operators of the AEF -- Roll of Honor - 1919
- Judge Advocate General Decides Women Telephone Operators are Civilian Clerks - 1918
- Memento of the Telephone Operating Units Signal Corps (1918)
- Pershing Eliminates French Speaking Operators Requirement, 6 June 1918
- Pershing Requests Women Telephone Operators - 1917
- Roster and Hometown of Telephone Operators Serving in France, 1918-1920
- Signal Corps Telephone Unit Application - 1918
- Telephone Operators Denied War Risk Insurance -1918
- Affidavit of Alma H. Hawkins - 1977
- Affidavit of Edward Mervin Stannard - 1953
- Affidavit of Enid M. Pooley - 1977
- Affidavit of Gertrude Hoppock - 1977
- Affidavit of Helen Bixby Moore - 1977
- Affidavit of Louise Le Breton Maxwell - 1977
- Affidavit of Marjorie L. McKillop - 1977
- Affidavit of Merle Egan Anderson - 1977
- Affidavit of M. Olive Shaw - 1977
- Affidavit of Oleda Joure Christides - 1977
- Exhibit H - Commendation of Signal Corps Operators from Pershing - 1918
- Exhibit J - Extract from Army Commander’s Report of First Army Operations - 1919
- Exhibit K - Extract from Special Orders No. 2241 (Victory Medal) - 1919
- Exhibit L - Extract from Special Orders No. 231 (Demobilization Phase) - 1919
- Exhibit M - Termination of Services - Adele Louis Hoppock - 1919
- Exhibit U - American Legion Membership Card for Adele Louise (Hoppock) Mills - 1920
- Exhibit V - Signal Corps Veterans Association Membership Card - 1919
Media
Commanding Officers & Allies in Service
- General John J. Pershing – Commander, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
- Major General George Owen Squier – Chief Signal Officer, 1917–1923
- Captain Ernest J. Wesson – Signal Corps Recruiter and Organizer of the “Hello Girls”
🪖 RISKS & RECOGNITION
- Between the Lines: The Hello Girls and the Laws of War
- They Would Have Been Shot as Spies’: The Hidden Perils of the Hello Girls
- Civilian or Soldier? The Army’s Wartime Classification Problem
🕯️ IN MEMORIAM
- Chief Operator Inez Ann Murphy Crittenden (1887–1918)
- Operator Cora Bartlett (1886-1919)
- Miss Jeanne Bourquin (
Primary Military Collections